Library · Biology & lab methods

What RT-qPCR & Nucleic Acid Amplification got wrong, from 64 theses

Summary written by a model from the records below: The compiled records demonstrate various technical challenges encountered when developing and executing nucleic acid amplification assays across diverse biological and environmental matrices. Assays frequently suffer from non-specific background amplification, chemical inhibition, low target copy numbers, and discrepancies during validation workflows. These records come from graduate theses, 2021 to 2026, each labeled with its degree where the repository states it, and each links to its thesis. They were extracted by language models reading the full text, so treat each as a lead to read, not a verdict.

64
theses
21
institutions
75
failure records
6
failure modes

Plus 10 problems the authors left open, listed at the end.

Failure modes, by theses reporting them

Select a mode to jump to its records.

Suboptimal primer design and reaction chemistry reduce amplification efficiency or cause complete assay failure
17
17 theses · 10 institutions · 17 records
Non-specific amplification and primer-dimer artifacts create false-positive background signal
11
11 theses · 9 institutions · 16 records
Low target abundance and extreme dilution lead to amplification dropout
14
14 theses · 10 institutions · 14 records
Inhibitory substances in sample matrices and lysis reagents suppress amplification enzymes
13
13 theses · 9 institutions · 13 records
Alternative and isothermal amplification platforms show lower sensitivity than standard quantitative PCR
6
6 theses · 4 institutions · 9 records
Targeted quantitative PCR fails to validate expression and biomarker candidates from high-throughput screens
6
6 theses · 4 institutions · 6 records

Suboptimal primer design and reaction chemistry reduce amplification efficiency or cause complete assay failure

17 theses · 10 institutions

Designed primer sets and enzyme combinations frequently fail to amplify targets or exhibit poor reaction kinetics due to low annealing temperatures, primer mismatches, and suboptimal concentrations. Assays such as whole-transcriptome random priming, emulsion PCR, and isothermal spiral amplification suffer from reduced efficiency or inconsistent amplification compared to optimized protocols.

Lost to a baseline

1 of 16 designed pyrosequencing primer sets failed PCR amplification despite repeated protocol optimisations and was excluded from analysis

Molecular mechanisms of ovarian cancer prevention · Imperial · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Lower primer concentration of 0.2 µl in EqHV qPCR master mix was rejected because it failed to yield detectable amplification for positive controls

Insights into equine hepacivirus: assay development and transmission patterns Improving understanding of the impact and transmission of equine hepacivirus A · Nottingham · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected using MAP F Realtime primer for further qPCR experiments due to low query sequence coverage (58.3% of caprine strains < 100%) and poor amplification.

Development and evaluation of new methods to optimise the Actiphage RapidTM assay for detection of mycobacteria · Nottingham · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected Q-solution in multiplex PCR because preliminary testing showed reduced amplification efficiency.

Dna Recovery from Challenging Forensic Samples Using Alternative Markers and Next Generation Sequencing · Sam Houston State University · PhD

Tried and failed

Polymerase spiral reaction isothermal amplification applied to bacterial pathogen nucleic acid detection. Outcome: no signal. Reason: Assays exhibited extremely poor analytical sensitivity or completely failed to produce detectable amplification

The development of a point-of-care diagnostic for the porcine respiratory disease complex · Imperial · PhD

Tried and failed

using legacy standard primers in multiplex amplicon sequencing applied to fungal mating-type marker genotyping. Reason: low annealing temperatures caused low amplification efficiency and off-target cross-reactivity in multiplexing

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION GENETICS OF THE GRAPE POWDERY MILDEW CAUSAL FUNGUS, ERYSIPHE NECATOR, AND ITS RELATION TO COMMERCIAL DISEASE MANAGEMENT · Cornell · PhD

Lost to a baseline

PS-LAMP (phosphorothioate-modified primers) and SSB-supplemented LAMP yielded significantly less amplification and lower delta pH than standard LAMP unmodified primers.

Electronic readout of DNA amplification in nanoliter chambers. Strategies towards highly parallel semiconductor-based nucleic acid amplification testing. · EPFL · PhD

Lost to a baseline

P5-P6, P8-P9, and P13-P14 doubly dye-labelled LAMP primers showed slower amplification kinetics than unmodified control primers (P1).

Synthesis and studies on modified oligonucleotides for diagnostic and therapeutic applications · Oxford · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Discarded CloneAmp Hi-Fi PCR in favor of LongAmp Taq for full-genome amplification due to lack of amplification with CloneAmp

The effect of mutations in the envelope protein of Zika virus on cellular tropism · Nottingham · PhD

Tried and failed

whole-transcriptome random-primed cDNA synthesis for RT-qPCR applied to bacterial inducible gene cluster quantification. Outcome: unstable. Reason: standard cDNA kits yielded inconsistent amplification requiring gene-specific priming

Identification and characterization of unique enzymatic transformations by gut microbes · Harvard · PhD

Tried and failed

degenerate primer PCR targeting alternative marker genes applied to detecting photosynthetic gene clusters in metagenomes. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: low amplification efficiency and sensitivity loss on low-quality template DNA compared to apcE2 marker

Global distribution and ancient evolution of far-red photosynthesis · Imperial · PhD

Tried and failed

one-step direct in-droplet RT-PCR applied to single-cell transcript linkage. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: poor reaction efficiency and low yield compared to decoupled reverse transcription and amplification steps

Methods and Materials to Generate Antibody Repertoire Libraries · Harvard · PhD

Tried and failed

end-point PCR for target gene detection applied to environmental bacterial isolates. Outcome: no signal. Reason: Amplification failed across all suspected isolates and positive control runs.

Dispersión de patógenos ESKAPE en el aire y su detección en efluentes cercanos a hospitales de la ciudad de Puebla · BUAP · PhD

Tried and failed

emulsion PCR targeted gene amplification applied to bacterial housekeeping gene detection. Outcome: no signal. Reason: primers designed for the target gene failed to produce amplification

INNOVATIVE METHODS FOR DETECTING THE CARRIAGE AND HORIZONTAL TRANSFER OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES IN COMPLEX MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES · Cornell · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected initial touchdown PCR protocol for SNPs BP 987/1118 due to poor amplification success across samples.

Validierung von potenziellen Biomarkern für die neurodegenerative Erkrankung Spinozerebelläre Ataxie Typ 3 (SCA3) und des krankheitsmodulierenden Einflusses intragenischer Polymorphismen im Gen ATXN3 · Tübingen · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected using the Dengue_2_ET300 qPCR primer set after experimental trials showed improper amplification compared to Dengue_2_Black.

Determination of the Effects of Microplastic Exposure on Mosquito Traits and Pathogen Progression in Two Vectors · Texas Tech · PhD

Tried and failed

quantitative real-time PCR amplification of target gene applied to endothelial cell gene expression quantification. Outcome: no signal. Reason: Target gene could not be amplified or assessed due to technical PCR amplification issues

Disrupted iron homeostasis in the vascular endothelium: implications for health and disease · Imperial · PhD

Non-specific amplification and primer-dimer artifacts create false-positive background signal

11 theses · 9 institutions

Unintended primer interactions, high magnesium concentrations, and dye-based detection chemistries frequently generate primer dimers and non-specific amplification in no-template negative controls. These non-specific amplification events prevent accurate target discrimination in both isothermal assays and real-time quantitative PCR.

Tried and failed

pH-based detection of isothermal nucleic acid amplification applied to bacterial pathogen detection. Outcome: no signal. Reason: buffering capacity and primer-dimer noise obscured pH changes between target and negative controls

The development of a point-of-care diagnostic for the porcine respiratory disease complex · Imperial · PhD

Tried and failed

dye-based quantitative real-time PCR applied to gene expression in hydrogel-encapsulated fibroblasts. Outcome: no signal. Reason: Severe non-target amplification, high background in no-reverse-transcription controls, and poor replicate consistency.

Developing a hydrogel model to study the role of environmental factors on pulmonary fibroblasts · UT Austin · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected HDA primer pairs for SS recN (recN_F4/R4) due to false positive amplification in no-template controls or extremely poor analytical sensitivity (200,000 copies/µL).

The development of a point-of-care diagnostic for the porcine respiratory disease complex · Imperial · PhD

Tried and failed

RT-LAMP isothermal amplification primer design applied to target RNA detection. Reason: Non-specific primer interactions caused severe background amplification in no-template controls

Nanobiotechnology Enabled Environmental Sensing of Water and Wastewater · Virginia Tech · Doctorate

Tried and failed

helicase-dependent isothermal amplification assay design applied to bacterial pathogen diagnostic targets. Reason: persistent false-positive non-specific amplification in no-template controls across multiple target genes

The development of a point-of-care diagnostic for the porcine respiratory disease complex · Imperial · PhD

Tried and failed

increasing reaction temperature and magnesium ion concentration applied to reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Reason: caused non-specific amplification in no-template negative controls

Nanobiotechnology Enabled Environmental Sensing of Water and Wastewater · Virginia Tech · Doctorate

Tried and failed

positioning mismatch far from competitive primer terminus applied to allele-specific isothermal nucleic acid amplification. Reason: Placing the mismatch over 4 bp away caused internal bulge formation, leading to non-specific amplification.

Molecular methods for the detection of infectious diseases: bringing diagnostics to the point-of-care · Imperial · PhD

Tried and failed

branched DNA and non-split hybridization chain reaction applied to single-molecule DNA fluorescence in situ hybridization. Reason: non-specific amplification produced high background signal in negative controls

MAPPING BACTERIA AND MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS IN HUMAN MICROBIOMES · Cornell · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected relying solely on the Loopamp MTBC LAMP assay or endpoint RD PCR for definitive isolate identification due to non-specific amplification and contaminating non-tuberculous mycobacteria/Actinobacteria.

Bovine Tuberculosis in the Wolaita Zone of Ethiopia · University College Dublin · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected SYBR Green qPCR assays in favor of TaqMan fluorogenic probes due to indiscriminate amplification of non-target double-stranded DNA and primer dimers.

Developing a hydrogel model to study the role of environmental factors on pulmonary fibroblasts · UT Austin · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected 74 °C RT-LAMP incubation and 5.0 mM MgSO4 due to non-specific amplification and false positives in NTCs.

Nanobiotechnology Enabled Environmental Sensing of Water and Wastewater · Virginia Tech · Doctorate

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Single-round primary RT-PCR was abandoned in favor of a two-step nested PCR design because single PCR yielded primer-dimers and lacked amplification specificity/sensitivity.

Sequenzierung der Antigen-bindenden Region von natürlich vorkommenden alpha-Synuklein-reaktiven Autoantikörpern Sequencing of the antigen-binding region of naturally occurring alpha-synuclein-reactive autoantibodies · University of Marburg · PhD

Tried and failed

viral metagenomic screening and targeted pcr amplification applied to wild invertebrate tissue samples. Outcome: no signal. Reason: Target virus was absent; previous positive detections were due to non-specific cross-amplification of a related virus.

An investigation of the echinoderm virome: the ecology and pathogensis of sea star densoviruses · Cornell · PhD

Tried and failed

single-probe fluorescence in situ hybridization amplification applied to intracellular viral RNA detection. Reason: nonspecific background amplification generated false positive signals even in probe-free negative controls

Accessing the Viral Cargo: Capsid Dynamics and Disassembly · Harvard · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Quantification of AMF via qPCR was rejected in favour of microscopic gridline intersection counting due to non-specific amplifications and primer-dimer artifacts.

Exploiting mycorrhizal selection of beneficial rhizosphere bacteria from the soil microbiome. · Cranfield · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Discontinued the D17Z-1 centromeric RT-qPCR primer probe due to insufficient signal enrichment of reverse-transcribed RNA over background genomic DNA contamination.

Investigating the role of homologous recombination at human centromeres · Oxford · PhD

Low target abundance and extreme dilution lead to amplification dropout

14 theses · 10 institutions

Target nucleic acids in low-biomass environmental samples, single-cell biopsies, and diluted biofluids often fall below assay detection limits or fail to amplify entirely. At extreme dilutions, amplification responses lose linearity and standard curves become unreliable across replicates.

Tried and failed

specific primer PCR amplification applied to anaerobic soil enrichment cultures. Outcome: no signal. Reason: target microorganism sequences were absent or below detection limit in incubated alkaline soil slurries

Coupled iron reduction-ammonium oxidation (Feammox) in alkaline soils polluted with nitrogen · Saskatchewan · Master's

Tried and failed

qPCR amplification of target antibiotic resistance genes applied to plant root slurry samples. Outcome: no signal. Reason: The target gene ermB failed to amplify across all root slurry samples.

Antimicrobial resistance in the environment: transport, transfer, and evolution · Iowa State · PhD

Tried and failed

16S rRNA amplicon sequencing applied to low-biomass filter media DNA extracts. Outcome: no signal. Reason: samples exhibited very low to no PCR amplification during quality control

Upstream Effects on Microbial Community Selection in Biological Activated Carbon Filters · University of Nevada, Reno · Doctorate

Tried and failed

18S qPCR fungal DNA amplification applied to low-biomass volcanic soil samples. Outcome: no signal. Reason: Fungal biomass was below detection limits in the oligotrophic volcanic tephra and basalt environments.

Assessment of Mars Analogue Instruments and Biosignatures in Icelandic Mars Analogue Environments: Implications for Astrobiology · Georgia Tech · PhD

Lost to a baseline

Duplex SHINE H275Y/H275 assay exhibited false-negative results on two patient samples with high Ct (>35) values compared to RT-qPCR

From Sample to Answer: Innovations in sample processing and CRISPR-based diagnostics for enhanced clinical translation and field deployment · MIT · PhD

Tried and failed

isothermal nucleic acid amplification for quantification applied to low-copy target nucleic acids. Reason: amplification response becomes non-linear and unreliable below 100 copies per reaction

ADVANCING GLOBAL POINT-OF-CARE DIAGNOSIS: INNOVATIONS IN DETECTING INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND CANCER · Cornell · PhD

Tried and failed

Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification applied to low-input single-cell RNA extracts. Outcome: no signal. Reason: Isothermal amplification failed to reliably amplify RNA from extremely low-input nanobiopsy samples

Quantifying breast cancer adaption: platforms for studying transcriptional changes in single cells · Imperial

Tried and failed

standard endpoint PCR amplification applied to low-pathogen-load field swab samples. Outcome: no signal. Reason: lower analytical sensitivity of endpoint PCR compared to quantitative PCR for low-titer pathogen detection

ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM INFECTIONS IN WILD AVIAN POPULATIONS: STUDY OF AN EMERGING DISEASE · Cornell · PhD

Tried and failed

RT-qPCR standard curve quantification in pure water applied to low-concentration viral RNA detection. Outcome: unstable. Reason: Significant assay-to-assay variability in slopes and intercepts with loss of linearity at high dilutions

Wastewater Surveillance for Emerging Infectious Diseases: Optimization and Implementation of Methods · University of Washington · PhD

Tried and failed

single-cell nanopipette biopsy for downstream amplification applied to subcellular cytoplasmic mRNA detection. Outcome: no signal. Reason: insufficient RNA copy number extracted in a single sampling event to yield consistent qPCR amplification

Modified nanotweezers for subcellular extraction of cytoplasmic mrna · Imperial · PhD

Tried and failed

direct quantitative PCR without pre-amplification applied to low-abundance cell-free and extracellular RNA. Outcome: no signal. Reason: target transcript copy numbers were too low to cross detection thresholds without prior amplification

Evaluation of Cell-Free RNA as Minimally Invasive Biomarkers of Target Engagement · Harvard · Master's

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Single-tube full-length RT-PCR without multiplex amplicon pooling was not viable due to low viral copy numbers and complex food matrices, requiring 4-pool multiplex amplification.

Systematic Surveillance of Hepatitis E Virus in Pig Livers and Risk Assessment Related to Consumption in Selected Provinces of China · University College Dublin · PhD

Tried and failed

RT-qPCR validation of sequencing biomarker candidates applied to low-abundance biofluid microRNA biomarkers. Outcome: no signal. Reason: Target microRNAs were undetectable in more than half of the biofluid samples

MicroRNAs in extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for pancreaticobiliary cancers · Imperial · PhD

Tried and failed

RT-qPCR quantification of circulating target molecules applied to blood-based biomarker discovery. Outcome: no signal. Reason: Target molecules had undetectable or very low expression in over 50% of samples.

Expression levels of blood microRNAs as biomarker of cognitive decline due to Alzheimer's disease · Imperial · PhD

Inhibitory substances in sample matrices and lysis reagents suppress amplification enzymes

13 theses · 9 institutions

Enzymatic amplification is frequently blocked by natural inhibitors present in seawater, manure, and bodily fluids, as well as carryover lysis components such as detergents, salts, dithiothreitol, and transfer RNA. These inhibitory matrix effects delay cycle thresholds, reduce fluorescence signals, or completely abolish detectable amplification unless extracts are diluted or thoroughly purified.

Tried and failed

nanoliter microfluidic high-throughput quantitative PCR applied to inhibitor-rich environmental manure samples. Outcome: no signal. Reason: Extreme nanoliter reaction volumes heightened susceptibility to sample PCR inhibitors, preventing target amplification.

Characterization of antimicrobial resistance in agricultural landscapes · Iowa State · PhD

Tried and failed

standard environmental master mix PCR amplification applied to marine environmental DNA samples. Outcome: no signal. Reason: natural PCR inhibitors in coastal seawater samples prevented successful target amplification

Diversity of fishes along the Texas Gulf Coast using environmental DNA metabarcoding · Texas Tech · Master's

Tried and failed

enzymatic amplification in polyacrylic acid hydrogels applied to in situ transcriptomics. Outcome: no signal. Reason: negatively charged polyacrylic acid networks inherently inhibit downstream reverse transcription and rolling circle amplification enzymes

Spatially precise in situ transcriptomics in intact biological systems · MIT · PhD

Tried and failed

adding salts and detergents to reaction buffer applied to RT-qPCR amplification. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: salts and detergents reduced RT-qPCR fluorescence signal

Ribosomal Structure, Function, and Trafficking · Georgia Tech · PhD

Lost to a baseline

NovaSeq 6000 missed grayling (0 reads) in the inland pellet sample where ONT MinION detected 189,786 grayling reads, likely due to barcoded primer amplification inhibition.

Investigating the potential of non-invasive avian predator scat sampling · University College Dublin · PhD

Lost to a baseline

Direct RT-qPCR from filter lysates of 10^2 cells failed to detect Twist and Snail, which were successfully detected in direct tube lysates.

Enrichment and molecular analysis of circulating tumor cells in a microfluidic environment · Tübingen · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected relying on raw undiluted field DNA extracts due to total PCR inhibition; required 1:10 dilution to achieve amplification.

Advancing eDNA methods for monitoring sharks and rays · Imperial · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected direct RT-qPCR without extraction due to reduced sensitivity from inhibitors in bodily fluids.

Delamination-based Control of Capillary Flow for Physically Programmed Lateral Flow Assays · Georgia Tech · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected using high concentrations of tRNA (>6 µg) in lysis buffer because excess carried-over tRNA inhibited downstream RT-qPCR amplification.

Development of platforms for detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms: applications on pathogens, genetic diseases, and beyond · University of Washington · PhD

Tried and failed

lysis with high concentration DTT and EGTA applied to downstream isothermal nucleic acid amplification. Outcome: no signal. Reason: the high DTT and EGTA concentrations inhibited downstream loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) reactions

CRISPR Biosensors for Resource-limited Nucleic Acid Detection · MIT · PhD

Tried and failed

increasing unpurified crude lysate input volume fraction applied to single-tube isothermal nucleic acid amplification detection. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: carryover lysis buffer components inhibited the downstream enzymatic amplification and detection reaction

From Sample to Answer: Innovations in sample processing and CRISPR-based diagnostics for enhanced clinical translation and field deployment · MIT · PhD

Lost to a baseline

Direct qPCR via heat treatment (Protocols 1-3) yielded severely lower sensitivity and higher Cts than standard extraction/amplification (Protocol 4; e.g., 0/8 vs 8/8 detected for PRRSV neat).

Assessment of strategies to improve routine PCR diagnostics for swine pathogens · Iowa State · Master's

Tried and failed

colony PCR directly on whole bacterial cells applied to plasmid verification in Gram-negative bacteria. Outcome: no signal. Reason: intact cells or cell lysis components inhibited amplification, requiring purified plasmid DNA instead

Recombineering for Precise Genome Editing in Shewanella oneidensis · Cornell · Master's

Alternative and isothermal amplification platforms show lower sensitivity than standard quantitative PCR

6 theses · 4 institutions

Isothermal and rapid diagnostic assays like loop-mediated isothermal amplification and lateral flow platforms frequently fail to detect targets in low viral load clinical samples with high cycle thresholds. These alternative assays exhibit higher limits of detection and slower reaction kinetics compared to conventional real-time quantitative PCR.

Lost to a baseline

At 62°C on hot plate, dLAMP amplification time in microwells (21 min) was not lower than conventional LAMP in a commercial thermocycler

Production of polymer surfaces for in vitro diagnostics application by micro-injection moulding · University College Dublin · PhD

Lost to a baseline

dLAMP CMV amplification on-chip at low heating temperatures took almost an hour, more than double the reaction time of conventional LAMP in a thermocycler

Production of polymer surfaces for in vitro diagnostics application by micro-injection moulding · University College Dublin · PhD

Lost to a baseline

RT-qLAMP achieved 91% sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 detection, beaten by RT-qPCR (12 false negatives among 183 clinical samples in low concentration brackets).

New molecular methods for point-of-care infectious disease diagnosis · Imperial · PhD

Tried and failed

multiplex RT-qPCR diagnostic kit evaluation applied to viral RNA detection across Ct ranges. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: lower sensitivity and performance across the full cycle threshold range compared to alternative commercial assays

Comparative Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostics in Nigeria · Harvard · Master's

Lost to a baseline

Targeted POWV RT-qPCR and SHERLOCK assays were less sensitive than unbiased metagenomic sequencing on low viral load clinical samples such as CSF.

Developing experimental and computational approaches to characterize viral distribution, spread, and variant emergence · Harvard · PhD

Lost to a baseline

STOPCovid.v1 lateral flow sensitivity was lower than RT-qPCR, capturing only 60.5% of RT-qPCR-positive patients (false negatives at Ct > 32).

Characterization and Engineering of Transposons for Genome Editing · MIT · PhD

Lost to a baseline

STOPCovid.v2 reaction chemistry itself is '20 times less sensitive than the RT-qPCR reaction itself' (100 copies vs 5 copies per reaction).

Characterization and Engineering of Transposons for Genome Editing · MIT · PhD

Lost to a baseline

RT-qLAMP achieved 90.55% sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 detection, beaten by RT-qPCR's 100% sensitivity (12 of 127 RT-qPCR positive samples were missed by RT-qLAMP in low viral load brackets)

New molecular methods for point-of-care infectious disease diagnosis · Imperial · PhD

Lost to a baseline

LAMPcov achieved 90.55% sensitivity, missing 12 low-viral-load clinical samples detected by CDC N1 RT-qPCR

Molecular methods for the detection of infectious diseases: bringing diagnostics to the point-of-care · Imperial · PhD

Targeted quantitative PCR fails to validate expression and biomarker candidates from high-throughput screens

6 theses · 4 institutions

Candidate genes and differential expression hits identified by RNA sequencing or siRNA screens often fail to achieve statistical significance when validated by real-time quantitative PCR. High inter-subject variability, technical noise during reverse transcription, and batch-to-batch growth media fluctuations hinder reproducible validation across platforms.

Tried and failed

RT-qPCR validation of RNA-seq differential expression applied to candidate gene expression validation. Outcome: no signal. Reason: bulk RNA-seq differential expression hit failed to replicate upon targeted RT-qPCR quantification

Investigating the physiological function of Alzheimer’s disease risk gene Abca7 in the central nervous system · MIT · PhD

Tried and failed

RT-qPCR validation of siRNA knockdown applied to measuring targeted gene silencing efficiency. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: exhibited high sample variability and lower robustness compared to western blotting

New Functional Assays Reveal Previously Unrecognized Roles for Nucleotide Excision Repair in Genome Maintenance and Immune Activity · Harvard · PhD

Tried and failed

RT-qPCR validation of RNA-seq differential expression applied to differentially expressed genes in clinical samples. Outcome: no signal. Reason: High inter-subject variability combined with small sample size prevented validation results from reaching statistical significance

Mechanisms of liver regeneration in a clinical model for preoperative induction of liver hypertrophy prior to major liver resection · Imperial · PhD

Tried and failed

RT-qPCR validation of RNA-Seq differential expression candidates applied to candidate biomarker genes. Outcome: no signal. Reason: candidate genes failed to reach statistically significant differential expression after multiple testing correction

Discovery and validation of host transcriptomic and proteomic biomarkers for paediatric tuberculosis · Imperial · PhD

Tried and failed

validating RNA-seq differential expression with RT-qPCR applied to bacterial gene expression across culture batches. Outcome: did not generalise. Reason: batch-to-batch nutrient variability in undefined growth media altered comparative gene expression

Host specificity in Salmonella and its implications for public health · Cornell · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Abandoned RT-qPCR gene expression assessment in favour of NanoString due to high measurement variability, lack of internal calibrators, and cDNA-step noise.

Dissecting the contribution of non-coding regulatory mutations to hormone-dependent breast cancer evolution · Imperial · PhD

Left open by the authors

Problems the authors named and did not get to.

Left open

Perform targeted amplification of high-abundance species to track their response to experimental treatments and evaluate founder effects. Blocker: Requires a wet lab and physical soil/manure samples to perform targeted PCR amplification.

Impact of manure amendment on species replacement patterns in soil microbial communities · Iowa State · Master's

Left open

Compare the amplification efficiency of PM_B assay with and without loop primers. Blocker: Requires a wet lab and biological reagents/samples to perform isothermal amplification assays.

The development of a point-of-care diagnostic for the porcine respiratory disease complex · Imperial · PhD

Left open

Evaluate degenerate primer bases instead of triplex isothermal amplification assays for the detection of divergent Streptococcus suis strains. Blocker: Requires wet-lab experimental validation and pathogen DNA samples for isothermal amplification assays.

The development of a point-of-care diagnostic for the porcine respiratory disease complex · Imperial · PhD

Left open

Design tiled isothermal multiplexed RPA primers and protocols to replace PCR thermocycling for point-of-care WATSON diagnostics. Blocker: Requires wet lab experimentation and physical validation of isothermal amplification reagents and assays

Modular CRISPR-diagnostics for Infectious Diseases · MIT · PhD

Left open

Optimize isothermal amplification routes to amplify ultra-low input RNA prior to single-cell RNA sequencing. Blocker: Requires wet lab equipment, biological samples, and sequencing reagents to perform RNA amplification experiments

Quantifying breast cancer adaption: platforms for studying transcriptional changes in single cells · Imperial

Left open

Develop methods for one-pot nucleic acid amplification and detection coexisting within aqueous two-phase system protocell reactions. Blocker: Requires a wet lab, molecular biology reagents (CFE, nucleic acid amplification enzymes), and experimental microfluidics/microwell apparatus.

New Interfaces To Advance Point-Of-Care Biosensor Diagnostics · Georgia Tech · PhD

Left open

Develop high-throughput RT-qPCR assays to screen LNA probe length and disruption effects on G-quadruplex-induced DNA polymerase stalling. Blocker: Requires a molecular biology wet laboratory, RT-qPCR instrumentation, and chemical synthesis of LNA oligonucleotides.

Investigating Locked Nucleic Acids as efficient disruptors of DNA G-quadruplex structures in vitro and in cells · Imperial · PhD

Left open

Validate isothermal miRNA detection methods on endogenous clinical miRNA directly from real biological samples. Blocker: Requires clinical biological samples and a wet lab equipped for isothermal nucleic acid amplification

A Critical Review of Performance and Practicality of Isothermal Amplification Techniques for microRNA Detection · UT Austin

Left open

Evaluate the multi-feature nucleic acid quantification framework on experimental isothermal amplification curves. Blocker: Requires wet-lab experimental data or generation of isothermal amplification curves.

Intelligent algorithms for DNA detection, quantification and multiplexing · Imperial · PhD

Left open

Evaluate the diagnostic performance of the Allplex SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR kit specifically at low Ct levels. Blocker: Requires physical clinical samples, laboratory diagnostics infrastructure, and RT-qPCR kits

Comparative Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostics in Nigeria · Harvard · Master's

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