Library · Simulation & modelling

What Surrogate & Reduced-Order Modeling got wrong, from 56 theses

Summary written by a model from the records below: Researchers evaluated diverse surrogate and reduced-order modeling strategies across computational physics, structural dynamics, and simulation-based optimization problems. Many implementations broke down due to high-dimensional scaling bottlenecks, inaccurate cross-fidelity correlations, physical constraint violations, or computational overhead that negated the advantages of model reduction. These records come from graduate theses, 2021 to 2026, each labeled with its degree where the repository states it, and each links to its thesis. They were extracted by language models reading the full text, so treat each as a lead to read, not a verdict.

56
theses
15
institutions
62
failure records
7
failure modes

Plus 9 problems the authors left open, listed at the end.

Failure modes, by theses reporting them

Select a mode to jump to its records.

Gaussian process surrogates fail in high dimensions and on non-smooth landscapes
16
16 theses · 6 institutions · 17 records
Surrogate modeling workflows incur excessive computational overhead and training costs
12
12 theses · 7 institutions · 12 records
Reduced-order structural models miss critical nonlinearities and physical constraints
8
8 theses · 4 institutions · 8 records
Fluid flow reduced-order models struggle with advection shocks and turbulence closures
8
8 theses · 5 institutions · 9 records
Low-order and linear polynomial surrogates underfit complex nonlinear dynamics
6
6 theses · 5 institutions · 6 records
Machine learning surrogates suffer from training instability and data scarcity
6
6 theses · 4 institutions · 6 records
Multi-fidelity surrogates fail due to poor correlation between fidelity tiers
4
4 theses · 3 institutions · 4 records

Gaussian process surrogates fail in high dimensions and on non-smooth landscapes

16 theses · 6 institutions

Gaussian process surrogates suffer from degenerate hyperparameter estimates, flat likelihood surfaces, and prohibitive matrix inversion scaling when applied to high-dimensional spaces. Their inherent smoothness assumptions and hyperprior biases also produce inaccurate uncertainty estimates and poor predictive fits across non-smooth or step-like response surfaces.

Tried and failed

Biased surrogate model in Gaussian process prior mean applied to High-dimensional simulation-based optimization. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: Inaccurate or biased prior mean models severely mislead exploration and degrade optimization performance.

Exploration and Exploitation Techniques for High-Dimensional Simulation-Based Optimization Problems in Urban Transportation · MIT · PhD

Tried and failed

per-iteration Gaussian process hyperparameter MLE updates applied to high-dimensional Bayesian optimization. Outcome: unstable. Reason: hyperparameter estimates fluctuated heavily in high dimensions, degrading surrogate quality and optimization performance

Exploration and Exploitation Techniques for High-Dimensional Simulation-Based Optimization Problems in Urban Transportation · MIT · PhD

Tried and failed

Gaussian process as surrogate forward model applied to offline model-based optimization. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: underperformed compared to neural network surrogate models on top-1 evaluation tasks

Distributionally Robust Machine Intelligence for Medicine and Scientific Discovery · Penn · PhD

Tried and failed

Gaussian approximation of deep Gaussian process posteriors applied to Bayesian optimization uncertainty estimation. Reason: yielded poor uncertainty quantification and inaccurate variance estimates for acquisition functions

Physics-informed Machine Learning for Digital Twins of Metal Additive Manufacturing · Virginia Tech · Doctorate

Tried and failed

multi-output Gaussian process on concatenated PCA representations applied to cyclic curve surrogate modeling. Outcome: did not converge. Reason: numerous local maxima in high-dimensional likelihood space hindered optimization

Bayesian Protocols for the Assessment of Model Uncertainties in Physics-Based Models at Multiple Length Scales · Georgia Tech · PhD

Tried and failed

local maximum likelihood lengthscale optimization in high dimensions applied to high-dimensional regression with local Gaussian processes. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: Flat likelihood surfaces led to degenerate lengthscales and washed-out surrogate predictions.

Efficient computer experiment designs for Gaussian process surrogates · Virginia Tech · Doctorate

Tried and failed

Gaussian process surrogates in Bayesian optimization applied to non-smooth step-like response landscapes. Outcome: did not generalise. Reason: smoothness assumptions caused poor fitting and high false-positive rates on step-like data

Improving supervised machine learning for materials science · MIT · PhD

Tried and failed

Gaussian process regression hyperparameter optimization with default iterations applied to constitutive parameter surrogate modeling. Outcome: did not converge. Reason: Default maximum iterations in scipy.optimize.minimize were insufficient for marginal likelihood optimization

Time-dependent damage of soft materials with bond breaking and healing kinetics · Cornell · PhD

Lost to a baseline

Gaussian Process surrogate underperformed GradientBoosting during Bayesian optimization, dipping below p=0.05 around iteration 50.

Data-Driven Design of Recycling-Friendly Aluminium Alloys · MIT · PhD

Lost to a baseline

Radial basis function (RBF) surrogate outperformed Gaussian process regression on the 6-dimensional OTL circuit benchmark function

RETROSPECTIVE AND EXPLORATORY ANALYSES FOR ENHANCING THE SAFETY OF ROTORCRAFT OPERATIONS · Georgia Tech · PhD

Lost to a baseline

Physics-informed Bayesian neural network surrogate models outperformed Gaussian processes with handcrafted kernels on Bayesian optimization tasks for scientific problems.

Interpretable Physics-informed Machine Learning Methods for Scientific Modeling and Data Analysis · MIT · PhD

Lost to a baseline

On the 2D Schaffer function at n = 1000, the scaled stationary Vecchia GP (GP SVEC) surpassed the 2-layer DGP with Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (DGP HMC) on RMSE/CRPS due to blurry inducing point approximations in DGP HMC.

Deep Gaussian Process Surrogates for Computer Experiments · Virginia Tech · Doctorate

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected Gaussian Process regression as the Bayesian optimization surrogate due to high dimensionality (208 features) and lack of prior distribution knowledge, replacing it with deep ensemble MLPs.

Machine learning powered insights into metamaterial prediction and design · Boston University · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected Gaussian Process Bayesian Optimization due to O(n^3) matrix inversion scaling, adopting neural network heteroscedastic surrogate models instead.

Surrogate Modeling for Semiconductor Packaging and Systems Using Machine Learning · Georgia Tech · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Decided against direct global surrogate modeling (e.g., Gaussian processes, kriging, or deep neural networks) across the full input space due to the curse of dimensionality over thousands of stochastic healthcare parameters.

Data-Driven Decision Analytics in Complex Systems: Information Infrastructure, Problem Decomposition, and Algorithmic Design · Georgia Tech · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected non-modular unified GP surrogate model for multi-agent planning due to curse of dimensionality causing the model to learn only subset of constraints.

Multi-fidelity Optimal Trajectory Generation: Optimal Experiment Design for Robot Learning · MIT · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected non-parametric RBF kernels with tunable hyperparameters for low-fidelity surrogate modeling in MF-MBAS because hyperparameter optimization scales poorly with increasing input dimensionality.

Reduced-Order Modeling Techniques for Aircraft Design in High-Dimensional Spaces · Georgia Tech · PhD

Surrogate modeling workflows incur excessive computational overhead and training costs

12 theses · 7 institutions

Complex surrogate training, active learning retraining cycles, and projection overheads frequently exceed the cost of evaluating the original full-order models directly. The curse of dimensionality and intensive sampling requirements further eliminate computational speedups without yielding meaningful improvements in final optimization quality.

Tried and failed

Augmenting surrogate training data with line search evaluations applied to global surrogate model training. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: Adding intermediate line search points degraded surrogate model accuracy compared to using only structured gradient samples

Optimal sample set selection for the simplex gradient · Imperial · PhD

Tried and failed

global generative surrogate optimization with neural networks applied to high-dimensional simulation-based design optimization. Outcome: infeasible cost. Reason: exponentially increasing simulation data requirements in higher dimensions caused by the curse of dimensionality

Optimisation of the SHiP Beam Dump Facility with generative surrogate models · Imperial · PhD

Tried and failed

surrogate-based multirate partitioning with projection applied to reaction-diffusion partial differential equations. Outcome: too slow. Reason: Surrogate evaluations and projection overheads exceeded full model evaluation costs, eliminating error reduction gains.

Multimethods for the Efficient Solution of Multiscale Differential Equations · Virginia Tech · Doctorate

Tried and failed

neural network surrogates in constrained Bayesian optimization applied to benchmark function optimization. Outcome: too slow. Reason: Deep surrogate models incur substantially higher training and inference overhead compared to standard Gaussian processes

Bayesian Optimization for Engineering Design and Quality Control of Manufacturing Systems · Virginia Tech · Doctorate

Tried and failed

surrogate guidance in both exploration and exploitation applied to high-dimensional simulation-based optimization. Outcome: infeasible cost. Reason: Negligible performance improvement over exploration-only surrogate guidance despite an extreme increase in computational runtime.

Exploration and Exploitation Techniques for High-Dimensional Simulation-Based Optimization Problems in Urban Transportation · MIT · PhD

Tried and failed

Pre-trained convolutional neural networks applied to spatial grid risk estimation surrogate modeling. Outcome: too slow. Reason: Excessive computational overhead without improving prediction accuracy compared to simpler architectures

An Approach for Risk-Informed UAS Mission Planning in Urban Environments to Support First Responders · Georgia Tech · PhD

Tried and failed

surrogate model predictive accuracy for optimization applied to configurable software performance optimization. Outcome: no signal. Reason: lower prediction error on surrogate performance models did not correlate with final optimization solution quality

Finding near-optimal configurations in colossal product spaces of highly configurable systems · UT Austin · PhD

Tried and failed

active learning with variance-based acquisition applied to Gaussian process surrogate modeling. Outcome: too slow. Reason: frequent retraining overhead negated sampling efficiency, underperforming random sampling for fast simulations

Time-dependent damage of soft materials with bond breaking and healing kinetics · Cornell · PhD

Tried and failed

surrogate modeling of localized failure criteria applied to multi-fidelity composite structural optimization. Outcome: unstable. Reason: mesh-dependent local response discontinuities and excessive computational post-processing time prevented effective surrogate training

Multi-fidelity probabilistic optimisation of composite structures · Imperial · PhD

Lost to a baseline

For simple uniaxial deformation paths, the DL surrogate model provided little to no computational speedup compared to standard numerical constitutive integration.

Deep learning informed multiphysics material modeling of fiber reinforced polymer nanocomposites · Leibniz Universität Hannover · PhD

Lost to a baseline

1D-CNN surrogate in ISOP+ incurred higher inference runtime compared to earlier MLP/XGBoost baseline in ISOP due to CNN computational complexity

Machine learning-driven design automation for high-frequency circuits and packaging · UT Austin · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected purely data-driven interpolation-based surrogates for high-resolution (1km) climate modeling in favor of a hierarchical parametrization approach due to computational expense and failure to generalize/respect physical constraints.

Deep Learning Emulators for Accessible Climate Projections · MIT · PhD

Reduced-order structural models miss critical nonlinearities and physical constraints

8 theses · 4 institutions

Linear modal projections, modal derivatives, and unstructured reductions fail to capture membrane stretching, contact forces, and genuine internal resonances in nonlinear structural dynamics. These modeling omissions produce artificial over-stiffening, unphysical singularities, and severe inaccuracies in predicted frequencies and displacements.

Tried and failed

unstructured model reduction on second-order systems applied to second-order mechanical systems. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: ignoring internal physical structure missed critical frequency response peaks and reduced accuracy

Dimension Reduction in Structured Dynamical Systems: Optimal-𝓗<sub>2</sub> Approximation, Data-Driven Balancing, and Real-Time Monitoring · Virginia Tech · Doctorate

Tried and failed

modal derivatives in reduced order modelling applied to geometrically nonlinear structural dynamics. Outcome: unstable. Reason: produces unphysical singularities at 1:1 modal frequency ratios without genuine internal resonance

Reduced order modelling of large finite element structures with geometric and contact nonlinearities: application to blade-casing interaction in aircraft engines · Imperial · PhD

Tried and failed

subspace state-space system identification with high model order applied to reduced-order modal dynamics modeling. Outcome: overfit. Reason: setting model order much higher than true mode count caused parameter explosion and negative fit metrics

Reconstruction and forecasting of the unsteady flow around a surface-mounted obstacle from sparse measurements · Imperial · PhD

Tried and failed

component mode synthesis without preloaded contact forces applied to constrained non-linear structural dynamics. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: omitting static preload contact forces creates an inaccurate reduced stiffness matrix and inaccurate displacement predictions

Structural Dynamics Design of Steam Turbine Blades with Friction Contacts for Renewable Energy · Politecnico di Torino · PhD

Tried and failed

linear modal projection reduced-order modeling applied to geometrically nonlinear structural dynamics. Outcome: did not converge. Reason: linear eigenmodes miss membrane stretching and Poisson contraction, causing artificial over-stiffening without high-frequency modes

Computational nonlinear vibration analysis for distributed geometrical nonlinearities in structural dynamics · Imperial · PhD

Lost to a baseline

Lumped Element Model (LEM) overestimates effective stiffness and resonant frequency compared to the Stiffness Matrix Method (SMM) due to perturbation approximations of mass loading.

STL NEMS fabrication, design, and inspection · Imperial · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Balanced truncation for model order reduction: rejected because resulting reduced states represent energy coordinates rather than physically meaningful rotorcraft states

Model-Based Life Extending Control for Rotorcraft · Georgia Tech · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Eliminating time-delays in the reduced model by setting Tξ={0} and Tu={0}, rejected because reducing infinite-dimensional systems to finite-dimensional ones alters specific dynamical stability properties.

Interconnection-based model order reduction for quadratic-bilinear systems · Imperial · PhD

Fluid flow reduced-order models struggle with advection shocks and turbulence closures

8 theses · 5 institutions

Proper orthogonal decomposition and Galerkin projections fail to capture sharp propagating shock fronts, viscous effects, and trajectory evolution in advection-dominated fluid flows. Ad-hoc closure models and dissipativity constraints often introduce excessive overdamping, numerical instabilities, or chaotic noise without improving simulation accuracy.

Tried and failed

enforcing dissipativity constraints in reduced-order models applied to turbulent flow simulation. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: the constraints caused excessive overdamping in higher-dimensional model subspaces

Data-Driven Variational Multiscale Reduced Order Modeling of Turbulent Flows · Virginia Tech · Doctorate

Tried and failed

spatial commutation error closure modeling applied to reduced order models of turbulent flow. Outcome: no signal. Reason: inclusion of the commutation error model did not noticeably change or improve model accuracy

Data-Driven Variational Multiscale Reduced Order Modeling of Turbulent Flows · Virginia Tech · Doctorate

Tried and failed

first-order finite element reduced order modeling applied to stress-constrained topology optimization. Outcome: did not generalise. Reason: First-order elements underestimated peak stresses, leading to designs that violated constraints under higher-order validation.

Topology optimization and uncertainty quantification using component-wise reduced order modeling · UT Austin · PhD

Tried and failed

adding spanwise dimensions to reduced-order model applied to shock boundary layer interaction modeling. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: introduced chaotic noise without improving prediction accuracy

Simulation of Coupled Conjugate Heat Transfer and Nonequilibrium Boundary Layer Dynamics in High-Speed Flow Environments · Georgia Tech · PhD

Tried and failed

Proper orthogonal decomposition reduced order modeling applied to multiphase fluid flow in porous media. Outcome: did not generalise. Reason: POD fails to capture non-smooth behaviors and sharp propagating shock fronts in advection-dominated problems

Simulation of geothermal reservoirs with data assimilation and reduced order modelling · Imperial · PhD

Tried and failed

approximate deconvolution reduced order modeling applied to lid-driven cavity flow. Outcome: did not converge. Reason: chaotic trajectory divergence over long training time intervals deteriorated verifiability rate

Filtering and Domain Decomposition Techniques for Intrusive and Non-intrusive Reduced Order Models of Convection-Dominated Problems · Virginia Tech · Doctorate

Tried and failed

vorticity-streamfunction reduced-order modeling via SVD applied to distorted internal duct flows. Outcome: did not generalise. Reason: Inadequate modeling of viscous effects and increased vorticity causes failure to capture high-wavenumber flow modes.

Comparative Evaluation of Vorticity Transport Modeled Distortions and High-Fidelity ANSYS Solutions Using Modal Assurance Criterion · Virginia Tech · Master's

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected intrusive POD-Galerkin reduced order modeling for two-phase water/air flows due to insurmountable numerical instabilities and 4th-order tensor construction bottlenecks

Multi-scale multi-fidelity numerical modelling of wave energy converter farms · Politecnico di Torino · PhD

Tried and failed

Proper orthogonal decomposition without difference quotients applied to time-dependent reduced order modeling. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: Pointwise-in-time projection and error bounds degrade with temporal discretization refinement factor

Numerical Analysis for Data-Driven Reduced Order Model Closures · Virginia Tech · Doctorate

Low-order and linear polynomial surrogates underfit complex nonlinear dynamics

6 theses · 5 institutions

Linear regression and low-order polynomial models possess insufficient expressiveness to capture non-linear simulation dynamics and multi-physics coupling. Consequently, these approximations consistently underestimate response metrics and generate large ranking errors in design optimization.

Tried and failed

low-order polynomial surrogate modeling applied to nonlinear aerodynamic force and moment prediction. Reason: insufficient polynomial degree to capture complex nonlinear aeropropulsive coupling

Hybrid Automaton Based Nominal and Contingency Planning for an Over-Actuated Tandem Tiltwing eVTOL Aircraft · Georgia Tech · PhD

Tried and failed

multiple linear regression surrogate modeling applied to building daylight and energy simulation metrics. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: severe non-linear relationships in climate-based daylight and operational energy metrics

An explorative method to support design decisions based on carbon constraints and daylight sufficiency needs · EPFL · PhD

Tried and failed

simple linear regression surrogate modeling applied to parameter mapping for response spectrum statistics. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: failed to capture nonlinear variance across periods accurately compared to Gaussian process regression

Utility of Stochastic and Physics-Based Ground Motion Simulations in Addressing Data Limitations · Texas Tech · PhD

Lost to a baseline

Least-squares and sparse least-squares (L1-regularized) polynomial surrogate models underperformed HierGP despite utilizing identical perfectly specified bases.

Three Essays of Bayesian Inference on Dynamical System, Continuous Time Markov Chain, and Low Dimensional Structure · Duke · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected linear regression (LR) and polynomial regression (PR) as surrogate models for the simulation-based optimization problem due to low accuracy and high ranking errors.

On traffic state estimation and control in the world of connected vehicles · UT Austin · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected third-order polynomial surrogate models for estimating optimization variables in favor of second-order response surface equations due to poorer fits

Methodological Improvements for the Integration of Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization into Conceptual Space Mission Design · Georgia Tech · PhD

Machine learning surrogates suffer from training instability and data scarcity

6 theses · 4 institutions

Deep neural networks and support vector surrogates experience severe accuracy loss and produce unreliable gradient information when trained on sparse simulation datasets. Complex recurrent and deep architectures also exhibit heightened training sensitivities, frequently falling short of simpler baselines on dynamic and spatial estimation tasks.

Tried and failed

support vector regression surrogate modeling applied to reactor multiphysics simulation dataset. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: systematically underperformed and unable to accurately capture complex variations in the dataset

Development of Coupled Machine Learning and Optimization Framework for Comprehensive Molten Salt Reactor Design · Georgia Tech · PhD

Tried and failed

field surrogate using reduced-order modeling applied to spatial dynamic state surrogate estimation. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: lower goodness-of-fit compared to scalar surrogate counterparts

Uncertainty-Based Methodology for the Development of Space Domain Awareness Architectures in Three-Body Regimes · Georgia Tech · PhD

Tried and failed

recurrent and time-delay neural networks applied to aerodynamic time-series surrogate modeling. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: training sensitivity caused recurrent architectures to underperform simpler feedforward networks on time-series data

A Controller Development Methodology Incorporating Unsteady, Coupled Aerodynamics and Flight Control Modeling for Atmospheric Entry Vehicles · Georgia Tech · PhD

Tried and failed

Artificial neural networks for surrogate modeling applied to aerodynamic design optimization. Outcome: data insufficient. Reason: Severe accuracy degradation and unreliable gradients when trained on scarce high-fidelity simulation datasets

Nacelle aerodynamic design and optimisation · Cranfield · PhD

Lost to a baseline

SIMO (using simple linear Theodorsen model) outperformed IMO (using the complex nonlinear modified Goman-Khrabrov surrogate model) in LDVM lift regulation.

Modeling and Control of Wing Maneuvers in Transverse Gust Encounters · University at Buffalo · PhD

Lost to a baseline

Recursive virial force prediction by the neural network surrogate had an average error (e.g., 344 for Fyy) exceeding the ground truth standard deviation (152), performing worse than a baseline predicting the mean value.

Wear across scales · EPFL · PhD

Multi-fidelity surrogates fail due to poor correlation between fidelity tiers

4 theses · 3 institutions

Multi-fidelity surrogate frameworks degrade when low-fidelity models fail to correlate meaningfully with high-fidelity physical responses. Inaccurate discrepancy estimations and gradient approximations in high dimensions eliminate any efficiency benefits over standard single-fidelity models under fixed computational budgets.

Tried and failed

multi-fidelity kriging with semi-empirical low-fidelity models applied to aerodynamic drag polar surrogate modeling. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: linearized low-fidelity source with empirical corrections failed to provide correlated information to improve high-fidelity emulation

A Methodology for Design Space Exploration of Novel Supersonic Aircraft Using High-Fidelity Aerodynamic Analysis · Georgia Tech · PhD

Tried and failed

multi-fidelity active subspaces with RBF surrogates applied to high-dimensional aerodynamic field prediction. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: linear discrepancy and low-fidelity surrogates failed at accurate gradient estimation in high dimensions

Reduced-Order Modeling Techniques for Aircraft Design in High-Dimensional Spaces · Georgia Tech · PhD

Tried and failed

multi-fidelity surrogate modeling applied to aerodynamic design optimization. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: provided no performance gain over single-fidelity surrogate models under fixed computational budget constraints

Nacelle aerodynamic design and optimisation · Cranfield · PhD

Tried and failed

surrogate modeling coupled with spatial regression applied to aerodynamic uncertainty quantification. Outcome: did not generalise. Reason: Sparse training sets caused severe bias and poor conservativeness without multi-fidelity corrections.

Development and Use of a Spatially Accurate Polynomial Chaos Method for Aerospace Applications · Virginia Tech · Doctorate

Left open by the authors

Problems the authors named and did not get to.

Left open

Implement the reduced-order polymer model within CFD solvers to simulate non-uniform flows and flow-induced crystallization. Blocker: Lack of specific benchmark geometries, flow conditions, and precise coupling equations for crystallization

Model reduction for driven PDEs: Application to polymer constitutive equations · Nottingham · PhD

Left open

Implement a machine learning surrogate model (CFD/ANN) for pedestrian wind comfort analysis in early architectural design. Blocker: Lacks specific implementation details, target CFD simulation parameters, and dataset definition beyond a conceptual thought experiment

Simulation? Machine Learning? Simulation X Machine Learning?: A decision system for research integrating building physic simulation and machine learning methods in the early design · Harvard · Master's

Left open

Apply space-time refinement jump snapshot-selection to classical POD reduced-order models for multiphase flow and compare performance against deep-learning ROMs. Blocker: None

Development and optimization of a deep-learning reduced-order model for multiphase flow · UT Austin · PhD

Left open

Evaluate the vorticity transport reduced order model on flow cases with distinct, characterizable viscous contributions against high-fidelity simulations. Blocker: None

Comparative Evaluation of Vorticity Transport Modeled Distortions and High-Fidelity ANSYS Solutions Using Modal Assurance Criterion · Virginia Tech · Master's

Left open

Develop a unified reduced order modeling framework combining geometric and contact nonlinearities for structural dynamics simulations. Blocker: The task is described only as a general direction without a defined technical formulation or concrete target.

Reduced order modelling of large finite element structures with geometric and contact nonlinearities: application to blade-casing interaction in aircraft engines · Imperial · PhD

Left open

Integrate aerodynamic and mechanical performance metrics, including kinematic wing membrane constraints, into the graphic statics surrogate model. Blocker: Lack of specific mathematical formulation, targets, or methodology for modeling membrane kinematics with graphic statics

Geometry And Topology: Building Machine Learning Surrogate Models With Graphic Statics Method · Penn · PhD

Left open

Integrate the nonlinear multibody aeroelastic framework into an MDO environment using surrogate models and sensitivity analysis. Blocker: Lacks specific MDO target objectives, design variables, surrogate model types, or sensitivity formulations.

Nonlinear aeroelastic modelling for flexible aircraft with multibody wings · Imperial · PhD

Left open

Extend surrogate uncertainty quantification to include input, process, and material uncertainties, scaling to multi-physics process-structure-property-performance modeling in additive manufacturing. Blocker: Lacks specific implementation details, mathematical formulation, and proprietary training data/multi-physics simulation models from the thesis

Smart Quality Assurance System for Additive Manufacturing using Data-driven based Parameter-Signature-Quality Framework · Virginia Tech · Doctorate

Left open

Generate surrogate training data using parabolized stability equations to incorporate nonparallel and nonlinear effects into boundary-layer transition models. Blocker: None

Machine Learning Approaches to Data-Driven Transition Modeling · Virginia Tech · Doctorate

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