Library · Materials, chemistry & fabrication

What Peptide Synthesis & Modification got wrong, from 59 theses

Summary written by a model from the records below: The records detail common failure modes encountered during peptide synthesis, chemical modification, and macromolecular assembly. Investigators frequently faced difficulties with peptide insolubility, coupling side reactions, conjugate instability, and loss of target binding affinity upon sequence or linker alterations. These records come from graduate theses, 2021 to 2026, each labeled with its degree where the repository states it, and each links to its thesis. They were extracted by language models reading the full text, so treat each as a lead to read, not a verdict.

59
theses
18
institutions
66
failure records
6
failure modes

Plus 8 problems the authors left open, listed at the end.

Failure modes, by theses reporting them

Select a mode to jump to its records.

Sequence modifications and conformational disruptions compromise peptide secondary structure and target binding affinity
13
13 theses · 9 institutions · 15 records
Unfavorable conjugation chemistry and linker instability impede peptide cross-linking and macrocyclization
14
14 theses · 10 institutions · 15 records
Chemical side reactions and resin incompatibility hinder solid-phase and solution-phase peptide synthesis
13
13 theses · 9 institutions · 13 records
Hydrophobic interactions and poor solubility cause peptide precipitation and irreversible column adsorption
7
7 theses · 4 institutions · 7 records
Peptide functionalization of carriers induces particle aggregation and disrupts assembly stability
6
6 theses · 5 institutions · 7 records
Excessive labeling density and steric constraints impair receptor binding and enzymatic cleavage kinetics
8
8 theses · 5 institutions · 9 records

Sequence modifications and conformational disruptions compromise peptide secondary structure and target binding affinity

13 theses · 9 institutions

Truncating critical binding motifs, substituting residues, or removing conformational constraints led to loss of helical stability, self-assembly failure, or diminished target binding. Converting constrained or display hits into linear or soluble variants abolished their intended structural organization and biological performance.

Tried and failed

sequence-based aggregation propensity prediction for peptide design applied to de novo beta-sheet peptide assembly. Reason: peptides contained too few aggregation-prone residues (<5) to drive fibril self-assembly

Beta-Sheet Peptide Assembly Beyond Sequence Patterning: Incorporation of Functional Domains, Computational Energy Minimization, and Assembly Pathway Selection · Georgia Tech · PhD

Tried and failed

conjugating bioactive functional domains to self-assembling peptides applied to supramolecular beta-sheet nanofiber formation. Reason: attached functional peptide domain disrupted fibril assembly kinetics, yielding only soluble nonfibrillar aggregates

Beta-Sheet Peptide Assembly Beyond Sequence Patterning: Incorporation of Functional Domains, Computational Energy Minimization, and Assembly Pathway Selection · Georgia Tech · PhD

Tried and failed

isolated peptide fragments from computational binding interface applied to target protein binding affinity assay. Outcome: no signal. Reason: peptides lacked structural scaffold stabilization required to maintain the bound helical conformation

De novo designed proteins: a study in engineering novel folds and functions · EPFL · PhD

Lost to a baseline

Cyclic SRCP1(61-80) peptides designed to lock the hairpin conformation did not improve aggregation inhibition over wild-type linear SRCP1(61-80) peptide at lower molar ratios (1:1 and 3:1).

Investigating the protein quality control pathways that prevent protein aggregation in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum · Duke · PhD

Lost to a baseline

Peptides mimicking predicted beta-sheet regions (SRCP1(53-78), SRCP1(51-79), and SRCP1(52-70)) failed to improve aggregation inhibition activity compared to SRCP1(61-80).

Investigating the protein quality control pathways that prevent protein aggregation in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum · Duke · PhD

Tried and failed

combining single point mutations for affinity maturation applied to peptide-protein interface binding. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: negative non-additivity between simultaneous mutations significantly reduced target binding affinity

Affinity Maturation of Peptides to Bind Protein-Protein Interfaces · MIT · PhD

Tried and failed

linear peptide analogue synthesis applied to protein-protein interaction target binding. Outcome: no signal. Reason: loss of conformational constraint led to complete loss of affinity and non-specific binding

Macrocyclic peptide ligands and probes for CD59: modulators of innate immunity · Imperial · Doctorate

Tried and failed

alanine scanning mutagenesis removing cationic residues applied to tumor-penetrating peptide transport and retention. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: loss of positive charge reduced cellular uptake 2.5-fold and extracellular matrix tissue retention 13-fold

Enhancing intratumoral drug transport by optimizing the surface physicochemical properties of nanotherapeutics · UT Austin · PhD

Tried and failed

combining synergistic adhesion peptides in hydrogels applied to stem cell hydrogel culture. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: dual peptide presentation failed to produce additive adhesion and caused cell area coverage to collapse

Engineered synthetic hydrogel platform for human intestinal organoids in vitro culture and in vivo therapeutic delivery · Georgia Tech · PhD

Tried and failed

truncation of glycosaminoglycan binding motifs in peptides applied to inhibiting amyloid aggregation. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: loss of the binding site significantly impaired anti-aggregation activity, accelerating amyloid fibril formation

Reelin structure and interactions: relevance to Alzheimer’s disease · Harvard · PhD

Lost to a baseline

Trimerized MDM2-binding peptide P1-c exhibited a Kd of 153 ± 19 nM (or 159 ± 19 nM) for MDM2 compared to 8 nM for the baseline PDIQ peptide.

Organometallic Palladium Reagents for Polypeptide Bioconjugation and Macrocyclization · MIT · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: 25-residue stapled peptides were rejected/failed due to excessive distance and flexibility between the Asp and Lys side chains, leading to adoption of a truncated 16-residue stapled construct lacking the intervening beta-sheet.

Histidine ligated Iron-Sulfur Proteins and Peptides · University of Trento · PhD

Lost to a baseline

Native oxo-amide carboxylate peptide QVARQLAEIY-OH was a random coil lacking structure by circular dichroism, whereas the amidine derivative QVARQLANHEIY-OH formed an intra-strand salt bridge that stabilized helical structure.

Peptide backbone modifications made accessible by the synthetic development of thioimidates · Iowa State · PhD

Tried and failed

single-point peptide modifications for serum stability applied to antimicrobial peptide serum activity retention. Outcome: did not generalise. Reason: individual enantiomeric substitution or non-natural amino acid addition alone was insufficient to preserve bactericidal activity in serum

The use and production of protein biologics against and by gram-negative bacteria · UT Austin · PhD

Tried and failed

CDR grafting onto synthetic nanobody scaffolds applied to soluble antimicrobial peptide engineering. Outcome: did not generalise. Reason: Surface-tethered display hits lost antimicrobial activity when converted to soluble resurfaced nanobodies

Infectious disease prevention and treatment : a case study of desiccation tolerance of Acinetobacter baumannii and antimicrobial nanobody development · UT Austin · PhD

Unfavorable conjugation chemistry and linker instability impede peptide cross-linking and macrocyclization

14 theses · 10 institutions

Side reactions like cysteine oxidation, reagent degradation, and premature disulfide exchange in serum severely decreased bioconjugation efficiency. Incomplete reactions, poor electrophile reactivity, and conformational strain also favored unwanted side products such as acyclic adducts or cyclic dimers over desired constructs.

Lost to a baseline

Direct peptide monomer copolymerization yielded only 60% recovery of peptide monomer post-purification compared to near 100% conjugation efficiency in post-functionalization.

Engineering Intravenous Therapies for Trauma · University of Washington · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Post-purification chemical conjugation via terminal cysteine or sortase transpeptidation (sortagging) of synthetic phosphorylated peptides was rejected due to complex multi-step purification and poor yields.

A materials-based approach for localized delivery of cancer immunotherapy · MIT · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected standard C-terminal cysteine immobilization design for 96-well high-throughput probes because crude peptide mixtures containing truncated sequences would co-immobilize without prior HPLC purification.

Development of enzyme-specific chemical probes for high-throughput substrate profiling of histone deacetylases · Tübingen · PhD

Lost to a baseline

Ligation with 1.0 equiv Zn2+ and thioglycolic acid yielded only 21% peptide, whereas 3-mercaptopropionic acid yielded ~61% peptide.

Prebiotic photoreduction and polymerization of cysteinyl peptides. · University of Trento · PhD

Tried and failed

electrophilic peptide coupling without proximity-induced activation applied to intermolecular peptide bioconjugation. Outcome: no signal. Reason: lack of proximity-driven rate enhancement or sufficient intrinsic electrophile-nucleophile reactivity between non-templated peptides

Reactive Peptides for Site-Selective Cysteine and Lysine Bioconjugation · MIT · PhD

Tried and failed

Bifunctional thiol alkylation for peptide staple macrocyclization applied to collagen-mimetic peptide duplexes. Reason: Formed acyclic thioether adducts instead of intramolecularly crosslinking terminal cysteines

Damaged Collagen Detection and A Novel Approach to 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactivity: Research at the Interface of Chemistry and Biology · MIT · PhD

Tried and failed

multi-site bioconjugation prior to protein ligation applied to antigen display on nanoparticle scaffolds. Reason: steric hindrance from dual PEGylation prevented SpyTag-SpyCatcher isopeptide bond formation

Design and Characterization of Modified Lytic Enzymes and Nanoparticle-Based Vaccines to Combat S. aureus · Georgia Tech · PhD

Tried and failed

cysteine disulfide linker for drug conjugation applied to peptide-drug conjugates in human serum. Outcome: unstable. Reason: rapid disulfide exchange with serum proteins caused complete conjugate degradation within one hour

The Discovery and Chemical Synthesis of Peptides and Proteins that Cross Biological Barriers · MIT · PhD

Tried and failed

cyclative release via intramolecular disulfide exchange applied to short solid-phase macrocyclic peptides. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: conformational strain led to low recovery and high cyclic dimer formation in short sequences

Methods for the generation of large combinatorial macrocycle libraries · EPFL · PhD

Lost to a baseline

Cyclative release strategy yielded short dithiol peptides in 10- to 100-fold smaller quantities compared to reductive release by BDT.

Methods for high-throughput synthesis and screening of peptide libraries · EPFL · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Linear peptide synthesis with acetamidomethyl-protected cysteines without disulfide folding, abandoned due to lack of antimicrobial activity against B. hyodysenteriae and ETEC F4

On the discovery and biological characterization of porcine β-Defensin 5 (pBD-5) · Saskatchewan · Doctorate

Tried and failed

uncatalyzed azide-alkyne conjugation for biopolymer surface immobilization applied to gold nanoparticle peptide functionalization. Outcome: no signal. Reason: Lack of copper catalyst prevented covalent triazole formation and surface PEGylation resisted non-specific peptide physisorption

Synthesis of model nanoparticle-peptide conjugates and development of an electrochemical strategy to regulate microdroplet pH in microfluidics · UT Austin · PhD

Tried and failed

peptide sequence screening for enhanced nucleophilic reactivity applied to lysine bioconjugation with ester electrophiles. Outcome: no signal. Reason: selected sequence motifs failed to enhance nucleophilic reactivity over background control peptides

Reactive Peptides for Site-Selective Cysteine and Lysine Bioconjugation · MIT · PhD

Tried and failed

in vitro enzymatic peptide modification with cofactor applied to precursor peptide substrate. Outcome: no signal. Reason: enzyme incubation with cofactor produced no detectable structural modifications in the target peptide

Methanobactin biosynthesis and redox activity · Iowa State · PhD

Tried and failed

peptide drug-linker conjugation without reactive group protection applied to antibody-drug conjugate synthesis. Outcome: unstable. Reason: unmasked electrophilic spiro-epoxide underwent self-alkylative decomposition, destabilizing drug-to-antibody ratio

Design, Synthesis, and Application of a Rapidly Diversifiable Trioxacarcin Pharmacophore in Antibody-Drug Conjugates · Harvard · PhD

Chemical side reactions and resin incompatibility hinder solid-phase and solution-phase peptide synthesis

13 theses · 9 institutions

Peptide assembly attempts suffered from backbone epimerization, diketopiperazine formation, and ester bond degradation during coupling or deprotection steps. Incomplete coupling of bulky dipeptides, reagent splashing in multiwell plates, and fine particulate generation on resin further impaired product purity and overall yields.

Tried and failed

automated continuous flow peptide synthesis on solid support applied to long polypeptide chain synthesis. Reason: resin generated fine particulates causing excessive backpressure and fluidic clogging in the synthesizer

Experimental and Computational Advancements in Peptidomimetic Ligand Discovery · MIT · PhD

Tried and failed

Solid-phase synthesis of non-canonical amino acid sequences applied to fluorogenic peptide probe synthesis. Outcome: unstable. Reason: Phenylglycine suffered backbone epimerization during coupling and acetylserine ester bonds degraded during synthesis

Serine hydrolases in pancreatic cancer: target validation using activity-based protein profiling · Imperial · PhD

Tried and failed

automated multichannel liquid dispensing during solid-phase synthesis applied to high-throughput 384-well peptide synthesis. Reason: reagent splashing outside target wells during bulk deprotection caused synthesis failures and cross-contamination

Discovery of macrocyclic inhibitors of challenging protein-protein interactions · EPFL · PhD

Tried and failed

liquid-phase peptide synthesis using organic soluble supports applied to liraglutide dipeptide intermediate synthesis. Outcome: unstable. Reason: severe diketopiperazine cleavage during Fmoc deprotection leaving under 20 percent intact support-bound peptide

Liquid phase peptide synthesis via nanostar sieving · Imperial · PhD

Lost to a baseline

Synthesis of (Ala)7-lugdunin using 2-Cl-Trt resin gave incomplete coupling of thiazolidine dipeptide 2.19, yielding inseparable five-mer byproduct 3.6 alongside product 1.25

Design and synthesis of lugdunin analogues as macrocyclic peptide antibiotics · Nottingham · PhD

Lost to a baseline

Peptides synthesized in 384-well plates had slightly lower average purity (82 ± 6.1%) than reference 96-well plate synthesis (87 ± 5.9%).

Development of methods for the synthesis of large combinatorial libraries of macrocyclic compounds · EPFL · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected direct solid-phase synthesis of the entire 8-mer AdeFFFGRGDS in-house due to high impurities and low yields, opting instead to purchase resin-bound peptide precursor.

Biological buffer-mediated self-assembly of modular nucleo-peptide hydrogels for tissue engineering applications · UT Austin · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) route for azapeptide inhibitors was abandoned due to low coupling yields for Fmoc-hydrazide and Alloc protection.

Development of Chemical Tools to Investigate Colibactin, a Genotoxin from the Human Microbiota · Harvard · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected solid-phase peptide synthesis route to Ac-Cav-NH2 (Rink amide resin loading with PyBOP, N-acylation, TFA/TIPS cleavage) due to lack of success.

Guanidinium Compounds: Synthesis, Oxoanion Binding, and Cellular Delivery · MIT · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected candidate peptide pep_20904 after chemical peptide synthesis failed.

Early Viral Suppression and the Antibody Response to HIV Infection in HPTN 071 (PopART) · Johns Hopkins · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Discontinued direct Boc protection of blasticidin S (5.1) followed by peptide coupling for the synthesis of carboxylate hybrids due to low protection yields (50-60%) and poor subsequent peptide coupling yields (~20%).

Semisynthetic Development of Blasticidin S as an Antibiotic Lead and Development of Other Anti-Infectives · Virginia Tech · Doctorate

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected batch liquid-phase peptide coupling for Myxovalargin fragment A due to severe epimerization of alanine at position 2, switching to SPS.

Synthesis of an oligopeptide library · Leibniz Universität Hannover · PhD

Lost to a baseline

Decarboxylative cross-coupling of dipeptide 96 with peptide-EBX 93b gave low yield of 97b due to competing decarboxylation of 96.

Integration of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents and Carbazolyl Cyanobenzenes-Based Dyes into Peptides: New Opportunities for Biomolecule Functionalization · EPFL · PhD

Hydrophobic interactions and poor solubility cause peptide precipitation and irreversible column adsorption

7 theses · 4 institutions

Excessive aromatic packing, lack of hydrophilic residues, and intrinsic sequence hydrophobicity caused peptides to precipitate out of solution or aggregate uncontrollably. These insolubility issues resulted in severe fouling, irreversible retention on reversed-phase chromatography columns, and low yields during synthesis and purification.

Tried and failed

solid-phase peptide synthesis and chromatographic purification applied to hydrophobic dipeptide repeat proteins. Reason: extreme insolubility and aggregation prevented purification despite successful chemical synthesis

The Discovery and Chemical Synthesis of Peptides and Proteins that Cross Biological Barriers · MIT · PhD

Tried and failed

increasing aromaticity without balancing hydrophilic interactions applied to peptide biomolecular condensate formation. Outcome: unstable. Reason: excessive hydrophobic and pi-stacking interactions drove solid precipitation rather than liquid phase separation

Atomistic Insights into Disordered Proteins and Condensates via Molecular Simulations · MIT · PhD

Tried and failed

self-interaction chromatography on immobilised microcolumns applied to peptide therapeutics under acidic conditions. Reason: instantaneous formation of large peptide aggregates blocked the column under fed-state gastric pH

Determining the gastrointestinal stability of peptide therapeutics via chromatographic methods · Imperial · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected synthesis via pre-assembled thiazolidine dipeptide building blocks on 2-Cl-Trt resin due to severe insolubility of dipeptides in SPPS solvents

Design and synthesis of lugdunin analogues as macrocyclic peptide antibiotics · Nottingham · PhD

Tried and failed

peptide-induced liposome dye leakage assay applied to measuring target-mediated membrane permeabilization. Reason: peptides suffered from poor aqueous solubility and caused target-independent membrane disruption

Exploring the Activation Landscape of Pro-Apoptotic BAK Through the Discovery of Human BH3-Only and Non-Native Peptide Binders · MIT · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Phenomenex Gemini NX-C18 prep-HPLC column was replaced by Phenomenex Jupiter Proteo column because large peptides bound irreversibly/stuck to the stationary phase, lowering yield.

Design considerations of BMP-2 mimicking peptide immobilized scaffolds for use in bone tissue engineering · Imperial · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected enzymatically cleavable phenylacetyl (Pac) protecting group strategy due to low aqueous solubility and poor deprotection efficiency of fluorophore-conjugated peptides.

A DNA DAMAGE-INDUCED NONENZYMATIC HISTONE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION: FORMATION IN CELLS AND BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS · Johns Hopkins · PhD

Peptide functionalization of carriers induces particle aggregation and disrupts assembly stability

6 theses · 5 institutions

Conjugating peptides or cell-penetrating sequences to nanoparticles and polymersomes frequently caused particle bridging, micellar phase separation, and irreversible precipitation. High peptide surface densities and unoptimized non-covalent interactions also provoked structural collapse or prevented efficient trigger-responsive payload release.

Tried and failed

direct mixing for nanoparticle surface immobilization applied to supramolecular peptide nanostructures. Outcome: unstable. Reason: nanoparticles aggregated rather than forming a homogeneous immobilized layer

Self-assembled molecular nanomaterials and their applications · MIT · PhD

Tried and failed

high-density multivalent peptide-ligand surface conjugation applied to protein nanoparticle surfaces. Outcome: unstable. Reason: high-density multivalent installation of hydrophobic peptide and sugar ligands caused severe protein aggregation and precipitation

Protein Nanoparticles For Applications In Chemical Biology And Immunology · Georgia Tech · PhD

Tried and failed

Conjugating cell-penetrating peptides to protein nanoparticles applied to virus-like particles. Outcome: unstable. Reason: Caused irreversible aggregation across all tested peptide densities

Protein Nanoparticles For Applications In Chemical Biology And Immunology · Georgia Tech · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Direct end-linking mixing of multi-arm PEG-VS and bis-cysteine peptides at <4% solid content was rejected due to excessive primary loop defect formation compromising bulk elasticity.

Defined matrices for epithelial organoid culture and disease modelling · EPFL · PhD

Tried and failed

direct conjugation to gold nanoparticle surfaces applied to pH-responsive peptide-oligonucleotide duplex release. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: peptide adsorption to the gold surface hindered pH-triggered strand release

Rational Design of a Modular Endosomal Escape Platform to Improve Cytosolic Delivery of Nucleic Acids · Georgia Tech · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected peptide-coated (physisorbed) TCP substrates for long-term hiPSC cultivation due to weak non-covalent bonding causing cell detachment after day 2

Bioinstructive biomaterials for human induced pluripotent stem cell and hepatocyte culture · Leibniz Universität Hannover · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected covalent chemical cross-linking (such as EDC/NHS) for immobilizing peptides/proteins, choosing non-covalent polyglutamic acid (E7-tag) electrostatic adsorption to avoid altering biomolecule activity or scaffold surface integrity.

Development of collagen/hydroxyapatite composites with angiogenic properties · Tübingen · PhD

Excessive labeling density and steric constraints impair receptor binding and enzymatic cleavage kinetics

8 theses · 5 institutions

High conjugation stoichiometries and the absence of flexible linkers hindered peptide accessibility and compromised target receptor binding affinity. Overcrowded surface valencies and tethered structural configurations also reduced substrate cleavage rates by target enzymes and exposed linkers to off-target proteolysis.

Tried and failed

peptide tag display lacking flexible linker applied to bacteriophage capsid surface functionalization. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: absence of a flexible linker impaired peptide tag accessibility and binding to target substrate

A STUDY OF TAILED PHAGES AND PHAGE BIOLOGY TO EMPOWER ACCESSIBILITY OF PHAGE-BASED TECHNOLOGIES FOR APPLICATIONS IN FOOD AND WATER SAFETY · Cornell · PhD

Tried and failed

increasing peptide-to-antibody conjugation ratio applied to antibody-targeted sensor delivery. Outcome: worse than baseline. Reason: higher labeling stoichiometries compromised antibody binding affinity to its target receptor

ENGINEERED ACTIVITY SENSORS FOR PREDICTIVE IMMUNE MONITORING · Georgia Tech · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected peptide-to-antibody conjugation stoichiometry above 1:1 due to loss of antibody binding affinity to PD-1

ENGINEERED ACTIVITY SENSORS FOR PREDICTIVE IMMUNE MONITORING · Georgia Tech · PhD

Tried and failed

protease-specific peptide linker for targeted cleavage applied to cleavable drug conjugates in mouse serum. Reason: off-target serum proteases cleave the linker despite specific protease inhibitor presence

Alternative Antimicrobial Agents Against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria · Cornell · PhD

Tried and failed

enzymatic cleavage of sequence-scrambled peptide linker applied to fluorogenic bottlebrush polymer conjugates. Outcome: no signal. Reason: Scrambled peptide sequence is not recognized or cleaved by the target caspase enzyme

Design and Synthesis of Stimuli-Responsive Polymers with Programmable Cleavability · MIT · PhD

Lost to a baseline

Hit peptides 32 and 36 had lower TS5-5 cleavage rates (3.86 ± 0.29 and 6.91 ± 0.63 µM s^-1) than the parent compound 5 (33.29 ± 1.74 µM s^-1) and literature substrate (8.18 ± 0.86 µM s^-1 for 32).

Screening for selective ADAMTS-5 substrates to monitor proteinase activity · Oxford · PhD

Lost to a baseline

3CLpro cleaved the tethered zymogen linker (kcat/KM = 1.2 × 10^3 M^-1 s^-1) ~35-fold slower than the untethered peptide substrate (kcat/KM = 4.3 × 10^4 M^-1 s^-1)

Exploring and Exploiting Ribonuclease 1: from Protein Biochemistry to Protein Engineering · MIT · PhD

Considered and rejected

Considered and rejected: Rejected high peptide-to-nanoparticle valencies (>44 peptides/NP, up to 197), which caused steric overcrowding that decreased initial cleavage velocities.

Logic-gated activity sensors for programmable detection of antitumor immunity · Georgia Tech · PhD

Tried and failed

N-terminal acetylation of cationic peptides applied to peptide-nucleic acid complex coacervation. Outcome: no signal. Reason: loss of positive charge and altered terminal interactions prevented associative liquid-liquid phase separation

Peptide phase separation: Hydration, composition, and molecular organization · Iowa State · PhD

Left open by the authors

Problems the authors named and did not get to.

Left open

Optimize peptide-conjugated microparticle formulation to prevent flow-induced particle clumping and aggregation under shear conditions. Blocker: Requires wet lab facilities, chemical reagents, microparticle fabrication, and microfluidic/flow assays

Platelet-inspired microparticles for targeted drug delivery to the atherosclerotic plaque · Imperial · PhD

Left open

Test whether longer-chain peptides form cocrystals with monomer amino acids to enhance crystallisability. Blocker: Requires wet lab facilities for peptide synthesis, crystallization, and XRD/HPLC analysis

Crystallisation studies of glycine-based dipeptides: sequence-dependent solubility, cocrystal formation, and kinetics · Imperial · PhD

Left open

Conjugate anionic polymers PP50 and PLP-NDA18 with amidated ova30 peptide to overcome electrostatic charge repulsion during delivery. Blocker: Requires chemical synthesis, purification, and wet-lab delivery assay facilities

Bio-inspired pH-responsive polymers for intracellular delivery of macromolecules and cell engineering applications · Imperial · PhD

Left open

Synthesize and test the charged peptide sequence AdeFFFGRGES to determine whether nucleopeptide hydrogel serum stability is electrostatic or sequence-specific. Blocker: Requires wet lab facilities for solid-phase peptide synthesis and serum stability assays

Biological buffer-mediated self-assembly of modular nucleo-peptide hydrogels for tissue engineering applications · UT Austin · PhD

Left open

Synthesize and evaluate artificial collagen peptides exhibiting thermostability modulated by their phosphorylation state. Blocker: Requires wet lab facilities for peptide synthesis and biophysical characterization of thermostability

Collagen-mimetic peptides for diagnosis and analysis · MIT · PhD

Left open

Investigate cooperative uptake activities of mixed peptides from combinatorial libraries using in-cell penetration selection-mass spectrometry. Blocker: Requires chemical synthesis of peptide libraries and live-cell penetration selection assays with mass spectrometry

The Discovery and Chemical Synthesis of Peptides and Proteins that Cross Biological Barriers · MIT · PhD

Left open

Incorporate pre-coupled monomer 18 into the BAK peptide sequence via solid-phase peptide synthesis to generate hybrid mimetic 1. Blocker: Requires a chemistry wet lab and peptide synthesis (SPPS) equipment/reagents.

Target-directed synthesis of protein-protein interaction inhibitors · Imperial · PhD

Left open

Develop stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems combining biodegradable shape-memory microparticles and pH-selective polypeptide resins for programmable release profiles. Blocker: Requires wet lab, 3D printing equipment (mSLA/TPP), and specialized chemical synthesis of biomaterials

3D printed stimuli-responsive biomaterials for programmable drug delivery · Imperial · PhD

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